Implicit Statistical Learning of Brazilian Children With Developmental Dyslexia.

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Implicit statistical learning (ISL) is non-conscious learning where participants identify patterns in their environment after repeated exposures. This study verified whether Brazilian children with DD present disturbances in the ISL mechanism and if these disturbances may be related to the difficulties associated with DD through artificial grammar learning (AGL) and reaction time in serial tasks (SRT Task). It also intended to verify which of the paradigms proves to be the most sensitive to assess ISL and which is most associated with participants' learning to read and write. Two groups of children with and without DD from the end of the first cycle and the beginning of the second cycle of the elementary school participated in this study, paired according to socioeconomic level, education network, schooling, gender and age. Children with DD showed no disturbances in the ISL process; the AGL paradigm exhibited the most significant association with performance on reading/writing tasks. When compared to the SRT Task, the AGL paradigm proved to be more sensitive in assessing implicit processes and effectively distinguishing between the groups with and without DD. The results of the SRT Task emphasise the importance of task practice and structure for implicit learning in children with developmental dyslexia. These findings have important implications for understanding ISL and its relevance to reading and writing skills in children with developmental dyslexia.